When the African Union (AU) launched the idea of a continental passport and initiatives like the Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM), it promised a future of seamless mobility across Africa. Citizens imagined crossing borders as easily as within Europe’s Schengen zone, boosting trade, tourism, and cultural exchange.
But in 2025, that dream still feels out of reach. Intra-African travel barriers remain some of the toughest in the world. From expensive flights to restrictive visa policies and endless bureaucracy, Africa’s own people continue to face obstacles to free movement.
A recent Guardian report highlights the problem: small business owners denied boarding due to unclear airline rules, artists missing performances because of delayed visas, and families spending more on flights between African cities than to Europe. (The Guardian)
Artists, entrepreneurs, and students all face hurdles when moving between African states. Beyond individuals, tourism and intra-African trade suffer as well. Countries like Kenya, South Africa, and Ghana lose millions in potential tourism revenue each year due to restrictive travel policies.
So why is the AU passport still more symbolic than practical? Many governments remain reluctant to give up control, citing security concerns, visa revenues, and protection of national airlines.
The SAATM, launched in 2018 to open African skies, has only a limited number of signatories fully committed. Without wider participation, airlines continue to operate under monopolistic conditions, keeping fares high and connectivity limited.
The Way Forward: From Promise to Action
To make free movement a reality, African leaders must:
- Harmonize visa policies and expand visa-free travel within the continent.
- Invest in aviation infrastructure and encourage competition in air travel.
- Strengthen regional blocs like ECOWAS and EAC, which already allow freer mobility.
- Empower the AU passport to function beyond symbolism, making it a true travel document.
Seamless intra-African travel is not just a bureaucratic reform, it’s key to unlocking Africa’s economic and cultural potential. Entrepreneurs, artists, and tourists deserve the freedom to connect without borders slowing them down. Until governments act with real political will, the dream of “One Africa, One Passport” will remain an inspiring slogan rather than a lived reality.